| Main Ref. | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1981 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution |
|
||||
| Remarks | It is preyed upon by cod and bluefish (Pomatosus saltatrix). Parasites of the species include 3 protozoans, 15 trematodes, 5 cestodes, 6 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans (Ref. 5951). |
| Substrate | Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associations | schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Benthic predators (Ref. 42354). Tagging experiments show adult seasonal migration for considerable distances. Identified migratory population groups that generally do not inter-mingle based on study of associated parasites. Pelagic eggs and larvae with diurnal vertical movements, ascending near the surface at sunset and descending to 20 m at sunrise; with larger larvae making longer migrations; possibly assists in larval dispersal as surface water circulation transports larvae further (Ref. 86779). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feeding type ref | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1981 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit ref | Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman, 1981 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trophic level(s) |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||