| Main Ref. | Pauly, D., 1989 | ||||
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| Distribution |
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| Remarks | Found on soft, muddy bottoms of the continental shelf and upper slope. It is mostly found at 180 m (Ref. 4587); prefers 5-11°C (Ref. 5951). Mature fish migrate inshore in the northern Gulf of Maine in summer, disperse in autumn, and move into deepest areas in winter (Ref. 4587). Feeds on fishes like clupeids (especially Atlantic herring) and gadids (mainly silver hake, red hake and longfin hake; Atlantic mackerel, argentines and wrymouth); crustaceans (particularly pandalid shrimps). Parasites of the species include 2 protozoans, 3 myxosporidians, 1 trematode, 1 nematode (sealworm, Phocanema decipiens) and 1 copepod (Ref. 5951). See also Ref. 8999. |
| Substrate | Soft Bottom |
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| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
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| Associations | schooling; shoaling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Survey data indicate that mature adult females aggregate on the southwest Grand Bank slope in spring and first-year juveniles settle on the southern, shallow Grand Bank nursery in autumn (Ref. 94937). Depth distribution varies by age and season; individuals of all ages tend to move inshore or shoalward in summer, dispersing to deeper areas in winter. Canadian Atlantic population seem to spawn sporadically, but there is a tendency for mass seasonal spawning in the SW Gulf of St. Lawrence in summer; some seasonal movement away from Prince Edward Island in winter (Ref. 86779). |
| Parasitism |
| Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Feeding type ref | Pauly, D., 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit | variable | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Feeding habit ref | Pauly, D., 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trophic level(s) |
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