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Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes (Perch-likes) > Serranidae (Sea basses: groupers and fairy basslets) > Epinephelinae
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335). More on author: Goode, Bean.

Environment / Climate / Range Ecology

Marine; demersal; depth range 25 - 183 m (Ref. 5222), usually 60 - 120 m (Ref. 5222). Subtropical, preferred ?; 36°N - 24°N, 98°W - 62°W (Ref. 5222)

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: Bermuda and the coast of the USA from North Carolina to the Florida Keys and in the northern and eastern Gulf of Mexico. Reports from Cuba and the Bahamas are unsubstantiated.

Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 110 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5222); max. published weight: 30.0 kg (Ref. 5222); max. reported age: 45 years (Ref. 93919)

Short description Morphology | Morphometrics

Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 15-16; Anal spines: 3; Anal soft rays: 9

Inhabits offshore rocky bottoms; most common between 60 and 120 m.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Heemstra, Phillip C. | Collaborators

Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Critically Endangered (CR) (A2d+3d), IUCN Grouper and Wrasse Specialist Group

CITES (Ref. 94142)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes

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Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01096 (0.00650 - 0.01851), b=3.04 (2.90 - 3.18), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278): 4.0 ±0.6 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives

Resilience (Ref. 69278): Low, minimum population doubling time 4.5 - 14 years (K=0.13; tmax=25).

Prior r = 0.32, 2 SD range = 0.21 - 0.48, log(r) = -1.14, SD log(r) = 0.21, Based on: 1 M, 2 K, 3 tmax, records

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100) .

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Epinephelus drummondhayi Goode & Bean, 1878