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Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Tetraodontiformes (Puffers and filefishes) > Tetraodontidae (Puffers) > Tetraodontinae

Environment / Climate / Range Ecology

Marine; brackish; reef-associated; depth range 3 - 30 m (Ref. 90102). Tropical, preferred ?; 37°N - 33°S, 32°E - 168°E

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa (including the south coast of South Africa, Ref. 4919) to Indonesia, north to southern Japan.

Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4919)

Short description Morphology | Morphometrics

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 9-11; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 9 - 17. Body covered with prickles (Ref. 559). Dark bars on side of head and below pectoral fins; juvenile specimens from the Pacific with longitudinal dark stripes on belly (Ref. 4919).

Inhabits weedy areas, often in estuaries; seagrass beds (Ref. 41878) and mangrove areas in 1-1.5 m. Solitary (Ref. 90102). Specimens caught by trawling over silty bottoms in 17 m. (Ref. 9137).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Oviparous (Ref. 205).

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Matsuura, Keiichi | Collaborators

Randall, J.E., 1985. On the validity of the tetraodontid fish Arothron manilensis (Procé). Jap. J. Ichthyol. 32(3):347-354. (Ref. 5170)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Least Concern (LC)

CITES (Ref. 94142)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Poisonous to eat (Ref. 393)

Human uses

Fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums

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Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.03631 (0.02161 - 0.06101), b=2.88 (2.74 - 3.02), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278): 2.5 ±0.20 se; Based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100) .

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Arothron immaculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)