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Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Paralichthyidae (Large-tooth flounders)
Etymology: Paralichthys: Greek, para = the side of + Greek, ichthys = fish + Greek, suffix, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335). More on author: Jordan, Gilbert.

Environment / Climate / Range Ecology

Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range ? - 43 m (Ref. 89891). Subtropical, preferred ?; 37°N - 26°N, 98°W - 60°W

Distribution Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Point map | Introductions | Faunafri

Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Texas in USA, but absent from southern Florida.

Size / Weight / Age

Maturity: L_m ? range ? - 35 cm
Max length : 83.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 3275); max. published weight: 9.3 kg (Ref. 4699); max. reported age: 8 years (Ref. 46275)

A cryptic species that tolerates low salinities; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries, even on occasion in fresh water (Ref. 9988). Adults are found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth. Taken by anglers inshore from bridges, jetties and small boats. They move to deeper water in winter, but are still easily accessible (Ref. 9988). Adults feed chiefly on fishes, also on crabs and shrimps. Juveniles take mainly small bottom-living invertebrates. Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae

Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).

Main reference Upload your references | References | Coordinator : Amaoka, Kunio | Collaborators

Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Near Threatened (NT)

CITES (Ref. 94142)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes

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Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00603 (0.00382 - 0.00951), b=3.18 (3.05 - 3.31), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278): 3.5 ±0.48 se; Based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 69278): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.21-0.23; tmax=8).

Prior r = 0.67, 2 SD range = 0.45 - 1.02, log(r) = -0.4, SD log(r) = 0.21, Based on: 1 M, 3 K, 1 tgen, 1 tmax, 1 Fec records

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100) .

Price category (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1884