Classificação / Names Nomes comuns | Sinónimos | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Elasmobranchii (tubarões e raias) (sharks and rays) > Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) > Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks)
Etymology: Sphyrna: Greek, sphyra = hammer (Ref. 45335).

Ambiente / Clima / Intervalo Ecologia

; marinhas; estuarina; oceanódromo (Ref. 51243); intervalo de profundidade 0 - 1000 m (Ref. 89972), usually 0 - 25 m (Ref. 26999). Tropical, preferred 26°C (Ref. 107945); 46°N - 31°S, 180°W - 180°E

Distribuição Países | Áreas FAO | Ecossistemas | Ocorrências | Point map | Introduções | Faunafri

Circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas (Ref. 13562). Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Uruguay (Ref. 58839), including the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean. Eastern Atlantic: western Mediterranean (Ref. 6678) to Namibia (Ref. 6812). Indo-Pacific: Persian Gulf (Ref. 68964), Red Sea, East Africa and throughout the Indian Ocean; Japan to New Caledonia, Hawaii and Tahiti. Eastern Pacific: southern California, USA to Ecuador, probably Peru.

Length at first maturity / Tamanho / Peso / Idade

Maturity: L_m 225.0, range 200 - 273 cm
Max length : 430 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 26938); common length : 360 cm TL macho/indeterminado; (Ref. 13562); Peso máx. publicado: 152.4 kg (Ref. 40637); Idade máx. registada: 35 anos (Ref. 31395)

Descrição breve Morfologia | Morfometria

Espinhos dorsais (total): 0; Raios dorsais moles (total): 0; Espinhos anais 0; Raios anais moles: 0. A large hammerhead with a notch at the center of head; 1st dorsal fin moderately high, 2nd dorsal and pelvic fins low (Ref. 5578). Front margin of head broadly arched with prominent median notch. Side wings of head narrow, rear margins swept backward (Ref. 26938). Uniform grey, grayish brown, or olivaceous above, shading to white below; pectoral fins tipped with grey or black ventrally (Ref. 13562).

A coastal-pelagic, semi-oceanic shark occurring over continental and insular shelves and adjacent deep water, often approaching close inshore and entering enclosed bays and estuaries (Ref. 244, 11230, 58302). Found in inshore and offshore waters to about 275 m depth (Ref. 26938, 11230, 58302); has been filmed at a baited camera in 512 m depth (Lis Maclaren, pers. comm. 2005). Huge schools of small migrating individuals move pole ward in the summer in certain areas (Ref. 244). Permanent resident populations also exist (Ref. 244). Juveniles occur in coastal areas (Ref. 58784). Adults solitary, in pairs, or schools; young in large schools (Ref. 13562). Feed mainly on teleost fishes and cephalopods (Ref. 6871), also lobsters, shrimps, crabs (Ref. 30573), including other sharks and rays (Ref. 37816). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Mature females produce 15-31, of 43-55 cm young in a litter (Ref. 26938, 1602). Considered potentially dangerous to people but often not aggressive when approached by divers (Ref. 13562). Readily available to inshore artisanal and small commercial fisheries as well as to offshore operations (Ref. 13562). Sold fresh, dried-salted, smoked and frozen; also sought for its fins and hides (Ref. 9987). Oil used for vitamins and carcasses for fishmeal (Ref. 13562).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturidade | Reprodução | Desova | Ovos | Fecundidade | Larvas

Viviparous, placental (Ref. 50449), with 13-23 in a litter (Ref. 6871); 12-41 pups after a gestation period of 9-10 months (Ref.58048). Size at birth 45-50 cm TL (Ref. 13562); 39-57 cm TL (Ref.58048).

Referência principal Upload your references | Referências | Coordenador : Compagno, Leonard J.V. | Colaboradores

Compagno, L.J.V., 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2 - Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/2):251-655. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 244)

Categoria na Lista Vermelha da IUCN (Ref. 115185)

Ameaçada (EN) (A2bd+4bd)

CITES (Ref. 94142)

Appendix II:
International trade monitored

Ameaça para o homem

Other (Ref. 13562)

Utilização humana

Pescarias: espécies comerciais; peixe desportivo: sim

FAO(pescarias: produção, perfil da espécie; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FisheriesWiki | Sea Around Us

Mais informação

Países
Áreas FAO
Ecossistemas
Ocorrências
Introduções
Stocks
Ecologia
Dieta
Itens alimentares
Consumo alimentar
Ração

Nomes comuns
Sinónimos
Metabolismo
Predadores
Ecotoxicologia
Reprodução
Maturidade
Desova
Fecundidade
Ovos
Desenvolvimento dos ovos

Idade/Tamanho
Crescimento
Comprimento-peso
Comprimento-comprimento
Frequência de comprimento
Morfometria
Morfologia
Larvas
Dinâmica larvar
Recrutamento
Abundância

Referências
Aquacultura
Perfil para aquacultura
Estirpes
Genética
Frequência dos alelos
Hereditariedade
Doenças
Processamento
Mass conversion

Colaboradores
Fotografias
Stamps, Coins
Sons
Ciguatera
Velocidade
Tipo de natação
Área branquial
Outras referências
Cérebros
Visão

Ferramentas

Relatórios especiais

Consultar manutenção em aquários | Consultar ficha de espécies | Consultar fichas de aquacultura

Descarregue XML

Página de resumo | Dado pontual | Nomes comuns | Fotografias

Fontes da internet

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805): PD₅₀ = 0.5029 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00347 (0.00250 - 0.00481), b=3.15 (3.06 - 3.24), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Nível Trófico (Ref. 69278): 4.1 ±0.5 se; Based on diet studies.

Resiliência (Ref. 69278): Baixo, tempo mínimo de duplicação da população 4,5 - 14 anos (rm=0.028; K=0.1; tm=4-15; tmax=35; Fec=13-23).

Prior r = 0.14, 2 SD range = 0.03 - 0.61, log(r) = -1.97, SD log(r) = 0.73, Based on: 1 M, 5 K, 5 tgen, 1 tmax, 2 Fec records

Vulnerabilidade (Ref. 59153): Very high vulnerability (81 of 100) .

Categoria de preço (Ref. 80766): Medium.

Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)