окружающая среда / климат / Range
экология
; морской; солоноватоводный демерсальный; пределы глубины ? - 43 m (Ref. 89891). Subtropical, preferred ?; 37°N - 26°N, 98°W - 60°W
Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Texas in USA, but absent from southern Florida.
Size / Вес / Возраст
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - 35 cm
Max length : 83.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 40637); common length : 50.0 cm TL самец/пол неопределен; (Ref. 3275); наибольший вес (опубликованные данные): 9.3 kg (Ref. 4699); наибольший возраст (опубликованны данные): 8 годы (Ref. 46275)
A cryptic species that tolerates low salinities; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries, even on occasion in fresh water (Ref. 9988). Adults are found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth. Taken by anglers inshore from bridges, jetties and small boats. They move to deeper water in winter, but are still easily accessible (Ref. 9988). Adults feed chiefly on fishes, also on crabs and shrimps. Juveniles take mainly small bottom-living invertebrates. Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Статус Красного Списка МСОП (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Угроза для людей
Harmless
Использование человеком
рыболовство: коммерческий; объект спортивного рыболовства: да
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00603 (0.00382 - 0.00951), b=3.18 (3.05 - 3.31), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.48 se; Based on food items.
устойчивость к внешним воздействиям (Ref.
69278): средний (среднего размера), минимальное время удвоения популяции 1.4-4.4 года (K=0.21-0.23; tmax=8).
Prior r = 0.67, 2 SD range = 0.45 - 1.02, log(r) = -0.4, SD log(r) = 0.21, Based on: 1 M, 3 K, 1 tgen, 1 tmax, 1 Fec records
Уязвимость (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100) .