Environment / Climate / Range
Ecology
Marine; freshwater; brackish; pelagic-neritic; amphidromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 0 - 50 m (Ref. 189). Tropical, preferred ?; 24°N - 9°S, 70°E - 118°E (Ref. 189)
Indian Ocean: India from Bombay to Calcutta, probably also Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia. Western Central Pacific: Thailand to Java, presumably also Kalimantan). Valenciennes listed a specimen from Mahé which lies to the south of Cannanore, India but there is no such specimen in Paris.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 1 - ? cm
Max length : 20.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9822); common length : 17.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9822)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Anal
spines: 0;
Anal
soft rays: 80. Body tapering, belly rounded before pelvic fins, with 5 or 6 (rarely 4) + 7 to 9 = 12 to 15 keeled scutes from just behind pectoral fin base to anus. Maxilla short. Pectoral fin with 6 long filaments and 9 to 11 (rarely 8) branched fin rays. Flanks and belly with golden or pearly spots (light organs) in rows below scales, also along isthmus, edge of lower jaw, on cheek and gill cover.
A coastal and estuarine species, occurring in fully saline water, but also able to tolerate lowered salinities, perhaps almost fresh water. Feeds on copepods, prawn and fish larvae, various unidentified crustaceans and cypris, also stomatopod larvae, mysids, polychaete larvae, isopods and Sagitta. The breeding season is perhaps extended; probably entering estuaries to breed (larvae about 5 km up Burhabalang estuary, Orissa, India in May and June). Utilized as a food fish (Ref. 171).
Breeding season is perhaps extended. Spawn in school (Ref. 205).
Munroe, T.A. and M. Nizinski, 1999. Engraulidae. Anchovies. p. 1698-1706. In K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the WCP. Vol. 3. Batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 (Elopidae to Linophrynidae). FAO, Rome. (Ref. 9822)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial
More information
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00417 (0.00203 - 0.00854), b=2.97 (2.79 - 3.15), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.39 se; Based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
69278): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (tm=0.5-0.6; K=1.07-1.54; Fec=1,000-5,000).
Prior r = 1.24, 2 SD range = 0.66 - 2.35, log(r) = 0.22, SD log(r) = 0.32, Based on: 2 M, 9 K, 2 tgen, 2 Fec records
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (14 of 100) .
