Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Soleidae (Soles)
Etymology: Pegusa: The old name of the Cnidus, the city in Asia minos where the Atheniasn defeated Spartans in a naval battle near 394 BC.
Environment / Climate / Range
Ecology
Marine; brackish; demersal; depth range 5 - 350 m (Ref. 4710), usually 20 - 50 m (Ref. 26999). Subtropical, preferred 26°C (Ref. 107945); 57°N - 32°S
Eastern Atlantic: northeastern to southeastern Atlantic; perhaps Gulf of Guinea; the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea; reported from Suez Canal (Ref. 32649); and Sea of Azov (Ref. 4710).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 22 - ? cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 4710); common length : 30.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 2714); max. reported age: 15 years (Ref. 32766)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 69-87;
Anal
spines: 0;
Anal
soft rays: 53 - 73;
Vertebrae: 40 - 48. Last ray of dorsal and anal fins joined by a low membrane to the base of the caudal fin. Supratemporal branch of lateral line forming an arch. Anterior nostril on the blind side prominent forming a large round rosette, its diameter equal to that of the eye. Lower lip on ocular side undulated with about 6 lobes. Length of both nasal tubes and scales above it on the ocular side about equal. Pectoral fin on the ocular side with a black botch with a white margin except at its base; this blotch often interrupted by light space or accompanied by dots or streaks on one side or the other (present in fresh specimens from coast of Israel (Ref. 32649). Brownish yellow or reddish brown in color with obscure pale blotches and specks (Ref. 3200).
Found on gravel, sand or mud. Feeds on a wide range of small marine bivalves; mainly on crustaceans such as amphipods, mysids, shrimps, decapods, bivalves and polychaetes (Ref. 4710).
Ben-Tuvia, A., 1990. A taxonomic reappraisal of the Atlanto-Mediterranean soles Solea solea, S. senegalensis and S. lascaris. J. Fish Biol. 36(6):947-960. (Ref. 32649)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: minor commercial
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00393 - 0.01013), b=3.19 (3.05 - 3.33), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
69278): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.41; tm=4; tmax=15).
Prior r = 0.52, 2 SD range = 0.29 - 0.94, log(r) = -0.65, SD log(r) = 0.29, Based on: 3 K, 1 tgen, 1 tmax, records
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100) .
