Environment / Climate / Range
Ecology
Marine; demersal; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243); depth range 5 - 143 m (Ref. 5951). Temperate, preferred 9°C (Ref. 107945); 55°N - 31°N, 82°W - 52°W
Western Atlantic: Labrador, Canada to Georgia, USA.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm 27.4 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 64.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 7251); max. published weight: 3.6 kg (Ref. 7251); max. reported age: 14 years (Ref. 52686)
Adults inhabit soft muddy to moderately hard bottoms (Ref. 5951). Feed predominantly in daytime on organisms living in, on or near the bottom; shrimps, amphipods, crabs, sea urchins and snails (Ref. 12232). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846).
Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong and J.A. Musick, 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press Washington and London. 324 p. (Ref. 27549)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: commercial; aquaculture: experimental; gamefish: yes
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Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.
Resilience (Ref.
69278): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.11-0.7(?); tm=2-3; tmax=10).
Prior r = 0.66, 2 SD range = 0.42 - 1.02, log(r) = -0.42, SD log(r) = 0.22, Based on: 1 M, 14 K, 6 tgen, 2 tmax, records
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (34 of 100) .
