Philippines country information

Common names: Dapa, Malad-palad, Peacock sole
Occurrence: native
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Known from Sibuyan, Romblon (Ref. 58652). Museum: Cebu Mkt., USNM 137624 - 29. Bacon, USNM 55966. Zamboanga, USNM 84258. Jolo Mkt. USNM 137622. Bolinao Bay, USNM 137623. Pagapas Bay, Santiago R., USNM 137630. Señora Ascion, n. of Dumaguete, Negros O., USNM 273799. Tagburos, Puerto Princesa City Mkt., USNM 286974 (Ref. 11790). LACM 37398 - 9, 37397-2, 37398-9, 42471-4. Marketable in Jolo, Sulu, and Cebu (Ref. 9494). A specimen, 5.5 in (14 cm) in length, was collected from Bacon, Sorsogon (Ref. 1555). In range Ref. 2334.
National Checklist:
Country Information: httpss://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Herre, A.W.C.T., 1953
National Database:

Classification / Names

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Soleidae (Soles)
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

Ocellated sole, Sole ocellée, 眼斑豹鳎, ... more

Main reference

Allen, G.R. and R. Swainston. 1988. (Ref. 3132)
References | Biblio | Coordinator | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 25.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 2334); common length : 12.5 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9893)

Environment

Marine; reef-associated; depth range 2 - 40 m (Ref. 1602)

Climate / Range

Tropical, preferred ?; 32°N - 32°S

Distribution

Indo-Pacific: Sri Lanka east to Samoa and Tonga (Ref. 2334), north to Japan (Ref. 559), south to Onslow, Australia.
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 62-73; Anal spines: 0; Anal soft rays: 48 - 55. Eyes on right side. Dorsal and anal fins separate from caudal fin; pectoral fins absent; pelvic fins unequal, the right one with an elongated base and attached posteriorly to genital papilla (Ref. 9893). Series of toxic glands along the bases of dorsal- and anal-fin rays, their pores visible (Ref. 9893). Reddish brown, densely spotted on head; body and fins of ocular surface also with spots of various sizes and shapes, bordered by a dark rim and some with a blackish spot on center (Ref. 9893).

Occurs on sand and mud bottoms of lagoon and seaward reefs (Ref. 1602, 48637). Burries itself in the sand (Ref. 48637). Feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates, especially small crustaceans (Ref. 9893). Extract from sac under the skin is toxic (Ref. 559) and the mucus appears to have shark-repellent qualities.

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Least Concern (LC)

Threat to humans

Venomous (Ref. 9137)

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial

More information

Countries
FAO areas
Ecosystems
Occurrences
Introductions
Stocks
Ecology
Diet
Food items
Food consumption
Ration

Common names
Synonyms
Metabolism
Predators
Ecotoxicology
Reproduction
Maturity
Spawning
Fecundity
Eggs
Egg development

Age/Size
Growth
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
Morphometrics
Morphology
Larvae
Larval dynamics
Recruitment
Abundance

References
Aquaculture
Aquaculture profile
Strains
Genetics
Allele frequencies
Heritability
Diseases
Processing
Mass conversion

Collaborators
Pictures
Stamps, Coins
Sounds
Ciguatera
Speed
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Gill area
Otoliths
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Tools

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

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Summary page | Point data | Common names | Photos

Internet sources

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
PD₅₀ = 0.5156 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278)
3.1 ±0.26 se; Based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 69278)
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity.)

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)
Low to moderate vulnerability (32 of 100)

Price category (Ref. 80766)
Very high

Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacepède, 1802)