Family Polynemidae - Threadfins
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 8 | Species : 42 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : Yes |
Brackish : Yes |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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none |
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First Fossil Record |
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Remark |
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Chiefly marine and brackish. Some riverine. Distribution: all tropical and subtropical seas. Mouth inferior. Pectoral fin with 2 sections. Upper section of pectoral fin with the rays attached; the lower section having 3-7 (except in Polistonemus with 14 or 15) long free rays. Spinous and soft dorsal fins far apart. Pelvics subabdominal. One spine in pelvic fin; soft rays 5. Deeply forked caudal fin. Vertebrae 24 or 25. Reaches 1.8 m maximum length, reported for Eleutheronema tetradactylum. Feed on benthic invertebrates of sandy to muddy bottoms. Few species near reefs. Foodfishes. Assumed to be pelagic spawners (RF). |
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Etymology |
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Greek, polys = a lot of + Greek, nema, -atos = filament ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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nonguarders |
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Typical activity level |
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active |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Euacanthomorphacea | Percomorphaceae | Carangimorpharia | Incertae sedis in Carangimorpharia | Polynemidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus risua Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus aureus Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus toposui Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus longifilis Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus hilleri (non Fowler, 1905) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polynemus melanochir Valenciennes, 1831 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Filimanus melanochir (Valenciennes, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus melanochir melanochir Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | senior | change in rank | |
Polynemus macronema Bleeker, 1852 | synonym | other | original | 2 |
Polynemus borneensis Bleeker, 1856 | synonym | junior | original | 5 |
! Polynemus borneënsis Bleeker, 1856 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Galeoides microps Steindachner, 1869 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus melanopus Sauvage, 1881 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Trichidion hilleri Fowler, 1905 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus hilleri (Fowler, 1905) | synonym | junior | new | |
Polynemus melanochir dulcis Motomura & Sabaj Pérez, 2002 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus paradiseus (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Polynemus multifilis Temminck & Schlegel, 1843 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polistonemus multifilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polystonemus multifilis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus quatordecimfilis Pel, 1851 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus polydactylus Bleeker, 1852 | ambiguous | homonym | original | 2 |
Polynemus dubius Bleeker, 1853 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus longipectoralis Weber & de Beaufort, 1922 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus paradiseus (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Polynemus longifilis (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Polynemus hornadayi Myers, 1936 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus paradiseus (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Polynemus aquilonaris Motomura, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus kapuasensis Motomura & van Oijen, 2003 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus bidentatus Motomura & Tsukawaki, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus virginicus Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Polydactilus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus naso Walbaum, 1793 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus plumierii Lacepède, 1803 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus mango Lacepède, 1803 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus americanus Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus antillarum Perugia, 1896 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus plebeius Broussonet, 1782 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Trichidion plebejum (Broussonet, 1782) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polyactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polydactylus plebejus (Broussonet, 1782) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polydactylus plebius (Broussonet, 1782) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polynemus plebejus Broussonet, 1782 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Polynemus plebius Broussonet, 1782 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Trichidion plebejus (Broussonet, 1782) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus lineatus Lacepède, 1803 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus emoi Lacepède, 1803 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus niloticus Shaw, 1804 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus commersonii Shaw, 1804 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus taeniatus Günther, 1860 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus lineatus Günther, 1860 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Polydactylus agonasi Jordan & McGregor, 1906 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus agonasi (Jordan & McGregor, 1906) | synonym | junior | new | |
Polynemus lydiae Curtiss, 1938 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus microstoma (non Bleeker, 1851) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus sextarius Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Trichidion sextarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
Filimanus heptadactyla (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus sexfilis (non Valenciennes, 1831) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Trichidion quadrifilis (Cuiver, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus quadrifilis Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes, 1831) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus sexfilis Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Polyactylus sexfilis (Valenciennes, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polynemus sexfills Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Polynemus sexifilis Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | |
Polynemus kuru Bleeker, 1853 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus kuru (Bleeker, 1853) | synonym | junior | new | |
! Polynemus kurru Bleeker, 1853 | synonym | junior | original | |
Filimanus xanthonema (non Valenciennes, 1831) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus approximans (Lay & Bennett, 1839) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus approximans Lay & Bennett, 1839 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus californiensis Thominot, 1886 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus microstomus (Bleeker, 1851) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus microstoma Bleeker, 1851 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |
Polydactylus microstoma (Bleeker, 1851) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polyactylus microstomus (Bleeker, 1851) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polynemus microstomus (Bleeker, 1851) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & McGregor, 1907 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus plebeius (non Broussonet, 1782) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus sextarius (non Bloch, 1801) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus macrophthalmus (Bleeker, 1858) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus macrophthalmus Bleeker, 1858 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus borneensis (non Bleeker, 1856) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Polydactylus octonemus (Girard, 1858) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus octonemus Girard, 1858 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Trichidion octofilis Gill, 1861 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus multiradiatus (Günther, 1860) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus multiradiatus Günther, 1860 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus specularis De Vis, 1883 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus auratus McKay, 1970 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus heptadactylus (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Polydactylus oligodon (Günther, 1860) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus oligodon Günther, 1860 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus opercularis (Gill, 1863) | accepted | senior | new | |
Trichidion opercularis Gill, 1863 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus opercularis (Gill, 1863) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus melanopoma Günther, 1864 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus macrochir Günther, 1867 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus sheridani Macleay, 1884 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus sheridani (Macleay, 1884) | synonym | junior | new | |
Polydactylus indicus (non Shaw, 1804) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus mullani (Hora, 1926) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus sextarius mullani Hora, 1926 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus nigripinnis Munro, 1964 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus bifurcus Motomura, Kimura & Iwatsuki, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus longipes Motomura, Okamoto & Iwatsuki, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus malagasyensis Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus persicus Motomura & Iwatsuki, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus siamensis Motomura, Iwatsuki & Yoshino, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus luparensis Lim, Motomura & Gambang, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus decadactylus Bloch, 1795 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus polydactylus Vahl, 1798 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Galeoides polydactylus (Vahl, 1798) | synonym | junior | new | |
Polynemus enneadactylus Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus astrolabi Sauvage, 1881 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus quinquarius Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Polynemus quinquarios Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original | |
Polynemus artedii Bennett, 1831 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus macronemus Pel, 1851 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus peli Njock, 1990 | ambiguous | questionable | original | 2 |
Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus tetradactylus Shaw, 1804 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Eleutheronema tetradactyla (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Eleutheronema tetradactylus (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Eleuthronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus teria Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus coecus Macleay, 1878 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Eleutheronema tridactylum (Bleeker, 1849) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus tridactylus Bleeker, 1849 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eleutheronema tetradactylum (non Shaw, 1804) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Eleutheronema rhadinum (Jordan & Evermann, 1902) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polydactylus rhadinus Jordan & Evermann, 1902 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eleutheronema tetradactylum (non Shaw, 1804) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Filimanus perplexa Feltes, 1991 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus melanochir (non Valenciennes, 1831) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus heptadactylus Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Filimanus heptadactylus (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polydactylus heptadactylus (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichidion heptadactylum (Cuvier, 1829) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polydactylus sextriatus (non Bloch, 1801) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Polydactylus multiradiatus (non Günther, 1860) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Filimanus similis (non Feltes, 1991) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Filimanus hexanema (Cuvier, 1829) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus hexanemus Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Polynemus hexanema Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | senior | original | |
Polynemus senarius Gronow, 1854 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Filimanus xanthonema (Valenciennes, 1831) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus xanthonemus Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus xanthonemus (Valenciennes, 1831) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polynemus xanthonema Valenciennes, 1831 | synonym | senior | original | |
Polynemus diagrammicus Bleeker, 1849 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus pfeifferi Bleeker, 1853 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus konadaensis Mishra & Krishnan, 1993 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus sextarius (non Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus sexfilis (non Valenciennes, 1831) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus multiradiatus (non Günther, 1860) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Filimanus similis (non Feltes, 1991) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Filimanus sealei (Jordan & Richardson, 1910) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polydactylus sealei Jordan & Richardson, 1910 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus opercularis Seale & Bean, 1907 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Filimanus heptadactyla (non Cuvier, 1829) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus multiradiatus (non Günther, 1860) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Filimanus similis Feltes, 1991 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Parapolynemus verekeri (Saville-Kent, 1889) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus verekeri Saville-Kent, 1889 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polynemus intermedius Nichols, 1954 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polynemus indicus Shaw, 1804 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus indicus (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichidion indicum (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
Trichidion indicus (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Leptomelanosoma indica (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Polyactylus indicus (Shaw, 1804) | synonym | senior | new | |
Polynemus sele Hamilton, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus uronemus Cuvier, 1829 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polynemus gelatinosus McClelland, 1843 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Polydactylus microstoma (non Bleeker, 1851) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Polydactylus macrochir (non Günther, 1867) | misapplied | misapplied | new |