Family Pholidae - Gunnels
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Order |
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Class |
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Actinopterygii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 4 | Species : 15 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : No |
Brackish : No |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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none |
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First Fossil Record |
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Remark |
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Distribution: North Atlantic, Arctic and North Pacific. Body elongate and compressed. One dorsal fin, about two times longer than anal fin and extending from head to caudal fin. Dorsal fin with 73-100 stiff spines, anal fin with 1-3 spines in front of 32-53 soft rays; both fins reaching or confluent with base of caudal fin. Caudal fin rounded. Anal fin long, but shorter relative to body length than in pricklebacks. Pectoral fins absent in some gunnel species, minute or very small in others. Pelvic fins rudimentary, consisting of 1 spine and 1 ray; or absent, including pelvic girdle. No fleshy cirri on head or body. One pair of nostrils. Body covered with tiny, inconspicuous, mucus-covered cycloid scales. Mechanosensory canals of head opening through pores typically constant in number: nasal 2, occipital 3, interorbital 1, postorbital 6, suborbital 6, preopercular 5, and mandibular 4. Body lateral line represented by mediolateral row of superficial neuromasts, generally not discernible in preserved material. Teeth small and conical. Gill membranes broadly joined and free from the isthmus. Branchiostegal rays 5 or 6. Pyloric caeca absent. Ribs absent. Abdominal vertebrae with parapophyses united, forming hemal arches. Vertebrae 80-105. Coloration cryptic, from yellow and brown to red or green, often with spots, blotches, and bands. Attains total length of about 46 cm. Mainly inhabits rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, especially among kelp and other macroalgae; often found under rocks or in tide pools in the intertidal zone. Feeds on small crustaceans and mollusks. |
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Etymology |
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Greek, pholis, -idos = scale ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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guarders |
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Typical activity level |
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normal |
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Coordinator |
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Osteichthyes | Actinopterygii | Actinopteri | Neopterygii | Teleostei | Osteoglossocephalai | Clupeocephala | Euteleosteomorpha | Neoteleostei | Eurypterygia | Ctenosquamata | Acanthomorphata | Euacanthomorphacea | Percomorphaceae | Percomorpharia | Perciformes | Cottoidei | Pholidae |
Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Pholis gunnellus (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new | |
Blennius gunnellus Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Centronotus gunnellus (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Pholis gunellus (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonym | senior | new | |
Ophidion imberbe Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gunnellus cornubiensium Seba, 1759 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Blennius europaeus Olafsen, 1772 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Blennius muraenoides Zuiew, 1779 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Muraenoides sujef Lacepède, 1800 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Ophidium fulvescens Rafinesque, 1810 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Ophidium mucronatum Mitchill, 1815 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gunnellus vulgaris Fleming, 1828 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Muraenoides guttata Yarrell, 1836 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Gunnellus affinis Reinhardt, 1837 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gunnellus macrocephalus Girard, 1850 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gunnellus ingens Storer, 1850 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pholis fasciata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | accepted | senior | new | |
Centronotus fasciatus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pholis fasciatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) | synonym | senior | new | |
Blennius taenia Pallas, 1814 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gunnellus groenlandicus Reinhardt, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Gunnellus muraenoides Valenciennes, 1839 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Centronotus gunelliformis Günther, 1861 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Muraenoides maxillaris Bean, 1881 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pholis gilli Evermann & Goldsborough, 1907 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Allopholis piskunovi Borets, 1988 | synonym | junior | original | 1 |
Pholis crassispina (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) | accepted | senior | new | |
Gunellus crassispina Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Enedrias crassispina (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) | synonym | senior | new | |
Enedrias nebulosa (non Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Pholis nebulosa (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) | accepted | senior | new | |
Gunnellus nebulosus Temminck & Schlegel, 1845 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Enedrias nebulosus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845) | synonym | senior | new | |
Centronotus subfrenatus Gill, 1859 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Pholis ornata (Girard, 1854) | accepted | senior | new | |
Gunellus ornatus Girard, 1854 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pholis ornatus (Girard, 1854) | synonym | senior | new | |
Pholis picta (Kner, 1868) | accepted | senior | new | |
Urocentrus pictus Kner, 1868 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pholis pictus (Kner, 1868) | synonym | senior | new | |
Pholis laeta (Cope, 1873) | accepted | senior | new | |
Centronotus laetus Cope, 1873 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Allopholis laeta (Cope, 1873) | synonym | senior | new | |
Pholis ornatus (non Girard, 1854) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Pholis schultzi Schultz, 1931 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Allopholis schultzi (Schultz, 1931) | synonym | senior | new | |
Pholis fangi (Wang & Wang, 1935) | accepted | senior | new | |
Enedrias fangi Wang & Wang, 1935 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pholis clemensi Rosenblatt, 1964 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pholis nea Peden & Hughes, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Pholis ornata nea Peden & Hughes, 1984 | synonym | senior | change in rank | |
Pholis ornata (non Girard, 1854) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Apodichthys flavidus Girard, 1854 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Apodichthys virescens Ayres, 1855 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Apodichthys inornatus Gill, 1862 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Apodichthys sanguineus Gill, 1862 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Apodichthys univittatus Lockington, 1881 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Apodichthys fucorum Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 | accepted | senior | original | 1 |
Xererpes fucorum (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) | synonym | senior | new | |
Rhodymenichthys dolichogaster (Pallas, 1814) | accepted | senior | new | |
Blennius dolichogaster Pallas, 1814 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Pholis dolichogaster (Pallas, 1814) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Rhodimenichthys dolichogaster (Pallas, 1814) | synonym | senior | new | |
Centronotus taczanowskii Steindachner, 1881 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
! Rhodimenichthys taczanowskii (Steindachner, 1881) | synonym | junior | new | |
Ulvicola sanctaerosae Gilbert & Starks, 1897 | accepted | senior | original | 1 |
Apodichthys sanctaerosae (Gilbert & Starks, 1897) | synonym | senior | new |