Lớp phụ (Subclass) cá vây tia >
Cypriniformes (Carps) >
Cyprinidae (Minnows or carps) > Leuciscinae
Etymology: Leuciscus: Greek, leykiskos = white mullet (Ref. 45335).
Môi trường / Khí hậu / Phạm vi
Sinh thái học
; Nước ngọt; Thuộc về nước lợ Sống nổi và đáy; di cư trong nước ngọt (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 10 - ? m (Ref. 30578). Temperate; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059), preferred ?; 66°N - 35°N, 3°E - 72°E
Europe and Asia: large rivers draining to North Sea (Weser, Elbe), Baltic Sea (southern tributaries, Norway east of Oslo, southern Sweden, Kokemären drainage in southern Finland), Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Caspian Sea; Aegean Sea basin, from Maritza to Lake Volvi drainages. Absent in Black Sea basin south of Danube and Rioni (Georgia) drainages, but present in Turkey west of Ankara. Introduced in Rhine, Northern Dvina and Lake Balkhash (Asia) (Ref. 59043). Appendix III of the Bern Convention (protected fauna). The subspecies Aspius aspius iblioides was previously recognized by authors for the Aral Sea (Ref. 13403).
Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 35387); common length : 55.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 30578); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 9.0 kg (Ref. 556); Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 11 các năm (Ref. 40480)
Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng): 3; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng): 7-9; Tia cứng vây hậu môn 3; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 12 - 15. The only species of Aspius in Europe which can be diagnosed from other species of Cyprinidae in Europe by the following characters: anal fin with 12-14½ branched rays; scales on lateral line 64-76; maxilla extending beyond front margin of eye; and sharp keel between pelvic-fin and anal-fin origins covered by scales (Ref. 59043). Long shape body, laterally compressed with a long sharp head. Green back with silver to blue tints. Lighter flanks. Silver white belly. Pectoral, pelvic and anal fins grey to brown. Scale formula: 11-14/64-76/5-6 (Ref. 40476).
Occur in open water of large and medium-sized lowland rivers and large lakes (Ref. 59043). Adults inhabit lower reaches of rivers and estuaries (Ref. 30578). Prefer to stay near bridge pillars, near tributaries, under weirs, in deep currents and overgrown parts of river and in quiet bays of river bends (Ref. 9696). One of the rare cyprinids which is piscivore; also prey on small aquatic birds. Juveniles are gregarious predators while adults hunt in small groups or are solitary. Juveniles and adults feed mainly on fish, especially on Alburnus alburnus or Osmerus eperlanus (Ref. 59043). Migrate upstream in tributaries for spawning in April-June (Ref. 556, 30578). Spawn in fast-flowing water on gravel or submerged vegetation. Lake populations migrate to tributaries; semi-anadromous populations or individuals (Terek) forage mainly in estuaries and freshened parts of the sea, migrating to rivers only for spawning. Begins spawning migration in second half of October (Terek) and overwinters in the lower reaches of river. Hybridizes with Leuciscus idus. Threatened due to alteration of river morphology (Ref. 59043).
Sexual maturity is reached after 4-5 years (Ref. 2059). Reproductive success seems to be associated with low water level and high spring temperatures. Spawning occurs more than one season and lasts about 2 weeks. Deposits eggs which adhere to gravel or submerged plants (Ref. 59034).
Vostradovsky, J., 1973. Freshwater fishes. The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, London. 252 p. (Ref. 9696)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; Nuôi trồng thủy sản: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng
Các công cụ
Special reports
Download XML
Các nguồn internet
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.80 se; Based on food items.
Thích nghi nhanh (Ref.
69278): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (tm=3-4; tmax=11; K=0.10-0.33; Fec = 50,000-1 million).
Prior r = 0.46, 2 SD range = 0.21 - 1.00, log(r) = -0.78, SD log(r) = 0.39, Based on: 3 K, 11 tgen, 1 tmax, 8 Fec records
Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100) .