Family Sphyrnidae - Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks
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Order |
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Class |
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Elasmobranchii |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 2 | Species : 10 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : No |
Brackish : Yes |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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none |
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First Fossil Record |
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upper
Cretaceous
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Ref.. Berg, L.S. 1958 | |
Remark |
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Marine, coastal; occasionally in brackish water. Distribution: global (chiefly warm waters). Head laterally expanded, with eyes and nasal openings much wider set than in other sharks. The blades presumably server to increase the sharks' sensory capabilities. No spiracle. A maximum length of 4.5 m was reported for Sphyrna tudes. They feed on a wide variety of bony fish, elasmobranchs, cephalopods, crustaceans, and other prey. Young born fully developed. Potentially dangerous. |
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Etymology |
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Greek, sphyra = hammer. ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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bearers |
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Typical activity level |
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active |
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Coordinator |
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Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new | |
Squalus zygaena Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Sphyrna zigaena (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Spyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonym | senior | new | |
Squalus carolinensis Blainville, 1816 | ambiguous | questionable | original | 2 |
Squalis pictus Blainville, 1816 | ambiguous | questionable | original | 2 |
Zygaena malleus Valenciennes, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Squalus malleus (Valenciennes, 1822) | synonym | junior | new | |
Zygaena vulgaris Cloquet, 1830 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Zygaena subarcuata Storer, 1848 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna lewini (non Griffith & Smith, 1834) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Sphyrna mokarran (non Rüppell, 1837) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) | accepted | senior | new | |
Squalus tiburo Linnaeus, 1758 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna tiburo tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonym | senior | new | |
Sphyrna vespertina Springer, 1940 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) | accepted | senior | new | |
Zygaena tudes Valenciennes, 1822 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Cestracion tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Sphyraena tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Spyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) | synonym | senior | new | |
Sphyrna bigelowi Springer, 1944 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) | accepted | senior | new | |
Zygaena lewini Griffith & Smith, 1834 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Sphyrna leweni (Griffith & Smith, 1834) | synonym | senior | new | |
Zygaena indica van Hasselt, 1823 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Cestracion leeuwenii Day, 1865 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Zygaena erythraea Klunzinger, 1871 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Cestracion oceanica Garman, 1913 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna diplana Springer, 1941 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna zygaena (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Zygaena malleus (non Shaw & Nodder, 1789) | misapplied | misapplied | misapplied | |
Sphyrna mokarran (non Rüppell, 1837) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) | accepted | senior | new | |
Zygaena mokarran Rüppell, 1837 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Sphyrna mokorran Rüppell, 1837 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Sphyrna mukaran (Rüppell, 1837) | synonym | senior | new | |
Zygaena dissimilis Murray, 1887 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna ligo Fraser-Brunner, 1950 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna zygaena (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Sphyrna tudes (non Valenciennes, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Zygaena tudes (non Valenciennes, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Sphyrna lewini (non Griffith & Smith, 1834) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Sphyrna corona Springer, 1940 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna media Springer, 1940 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna nana Sadowsky, 1965 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Sphyrna couardi Cadenat, 1951 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Zygaena tudes (non Valenciennes, 1822) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Sphyrna gilberti Quattro, Driggers III, Grady, Ulrich & Roberts, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier, 1816) | accepted | senior | new | |
Zygaena blochii Cuvier, 1816 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Cestracion blochi (Cuvier, 1816) | synonym | senior | new | |
Sphyrna blochii (Cuvier, 1816) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Eusphyrna blochi (Cuvier, 1816) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Eusphyrna blochii (Cuvier, 1816) | synonym | senior | new | |
Zygaena latycephala van Hasselt, 1823 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Zygaena laticeps Cantor, 1837 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |