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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Psettodidae (Psettodids)
Etymology: Psettodes: Greek, psetta = grouper + Greek, oides = similar to (Ref. 45335).
Lingkungan / Klimat / Range
Ekologi
; laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman 1 - 100 m (Ref. 9792), usually 20 - 50 m (Ref. 9792). Tropical, preferred 28°C (Ref. 107945); 26°N - 21°S, 43°E - 156°E (Ref. 54739)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Japan and Australia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ?, range 37 - 39 cm
Max length : 64.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 6006); common length : 50.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 5450); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 9.0 kg (Ref. 1468)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)): 9 - 11; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)): 38-45; Duri dubur 1; Sirip dubur lunak: 33 - 43; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 23 - 25. Body oval and flat, but thicker than in most other flatfishes. Mouth large with strong teeth; maxillary extends well beyond hind edge of lower eye; both eyes on left or right side; upper eye lying immediately below dorsal edge; gill rakers not developed. Dorsal fin origin well posterior to eyes; anterior fin rays spinous; lateral line almost straight. Color usually brown or grey, sometimes with 4 broad, dark crossbars. Dorsal, anal and caudal fin tips black. Blind side occasionally partially colored. (Other sources of morphological data: Refs. 591, 529, 4416, 5997 and 6000).
Found on sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9796, 48637). Usually deeply burried in the substrate during the day, but out and hunting at night (Ref. 48637). Often swims in an upright position (Ref. 9796). Mainly piscivorous (Ref. 5986). Mainly sold fresh (Ref. 5213); also utilized smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Processed into fish flour (Ref. 6040).
Studies in Porto Novo, India (Refs. 5993 & 5997) show that the sex ratio significantly differ from 1:1, but the reports are ambiguous as to which sex predominates.
Nielsen, J.G., 1984. Psettodidae. In W. Fischer and G. Bianchi (eds.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean fishing area 51. Vol. 3. (Ref. 3485)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Not Evaluated
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00708 (0.00507 - 0.00988), b=3.10 (3.00 - 3.20), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.3 se; Based on diet studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
69278): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.26-0.38; tm=3-4; Fec=300,000).
Prior r = 0.62, 2 SD range = 0.39 - 0.99, log(r) = -0.48, SD log(r) = 0.23, Based on: 1 M, 4 K, 2 tgen, 2 Fec records
keancaman (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100) .
