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Gymnura marmorata  (Cooper, 1864)

California butterfly ray
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Gymnura marmorata   AquaMaps   Data sources: GBIF OBIS
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Image of Gymnura marmorata (California butterfly ray)
Gymnura marmorata
Picture by Robertson, R.

Ecuador country information

Common names: Raya manta
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Also Ref. 9255. In range Ref. 2850.
National Checklist:
Country Information: httpss://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/ec.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Béarez, P., 1996
National Database:

Classification / Names

Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Gymnuridae (Butterfly rays)
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

Raie-papillon californienne, Raya mariposa californiana, Raya mariposa californiana, ... more

Main reference

Compagno, L.J.V. 1999. (Ref. 35766)
 References | Biblio | Coordinator : McEachran, John | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 100.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 9255); common length : 95.0 cm WD male/unsexed; (Ref. 1468)

Environment

Marine; demersal; depth range 1 - 94 m (Ref. 96339)

Climate / Range

Subtropical, preferred ?; 44°N -

Distribution

Eastern Pacific: California, USA to Peru.
 Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Biology     Glossary (e.g. epibenthic)

Inhabits warm-temperate to tropical shallow bays and beaches (Ref. 2850). Feeds on crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 37955). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Has a small venom apparatus which has limited use as a defense organ (Ref. 37955). Maximum length reported to reach 150 cm (Ref. 37955).

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

  Least Concern (LC) 

Threat to humans

  Venomous (Ref. 4690)



Human uses

Fisheries: minor commercial

More information

Countries
FAO areas
Ecosystems
Occurrences
Introductions
Stocks
Ecology
Diet
Food items
Food consumption
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Common names
Synonyms
Metabolism
Predators
Ecotoxicology
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Eggs
Egg development
Age/Size
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Length-weight
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Morphometrics
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Ciguatera
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Tools

E-book | Field guide | Length-frequency wizard | Life-history tool | Point map | Classification Tree

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

Download XML

Summary page | Point data | Common names | Photos

Internet sources

BHL | BOLDSystems | Check for other websites | Check FishWatcher | CISTI | DiscoverLife | ECOTOX | FAO(Publication : search) | GenBank(genome, nucleotide) | GOBASE | Google Books | Google Scholar | Google | IGFA World Record | iSpecies | PubMed | Scirus | Sea Around Us | SeaLifeBase | Tree of Life | uBio | uBio RSS | Wikipedia(Go, Search) | World Records Freshwater Fishing | Zoological Record | Fishtrace

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
 PD50 = 0.5001 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278)
 4.0   ±0.65 se; Based on food items.

Resilience (Ref. 69278)
 Very Low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (Fec assumed to be <10)

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)
 Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100)
Price category (Ref. 80766)
 Medium