Thailand country information

Common names: [No common name]
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: commercial | Ref:
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Known from Rayong, Thachalom (Samut Sakhon), Ko Maew (Songkhla), Si Racha (Chon Buri), Chumphon, Prachuap Khiri Khan and Andaman Sea (Ref. 37773). Also Ref. 3415, 9987.
National Checklist:
Country Information: httpss://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Monkolprasit, S., S. Sontirat, S. Vimollohakarn and T. Songsirikul, 1997
National Database:

Classification / Names

Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) > Psettodidae (Psettodids)
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL

Common names from other countries

Turbot épineux-indien, Lenguado espinudo-indio, Tropical halibut, ... more

Main reference

Nielsen, J.G. 1984. (Ref. 3485)
References | Biblio | Coordinator : Amaoka, Kunio | Collaborators

Size / Weight / Age

Max length : 64.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 6006); common length : 50.0 cm TL male/unsexed; (Ref. 5450); max. published weight: 9.0 kg (Ref. 1468)

Length at first maturity
L_m ?, range 37 - 39 cm

Environment

Marine; demersal; depth range 1 - 100 m (Ref. 9792), usually 20 - 50 m (Ref. 9792)

Climate / Range

Tropical, preferred 28°C (Ref. 107945); 26°N - 21°S, 43°E - 156°E (Ref. 54739)

Distribution

Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to Japan and Australia.
Countries | FAO areas | Ecosystems | Occurrences | Introductions

Short description

Dorsal spines (total): 9 - 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 38-45; Anal spines: 1; Anal soft rays: 33 - 43; Vertebrae: 23 - 25. Body oval and flat, but thicker than in most other flatfishes. Mouth large with strong teeth; maxillary extends well beyond hind edge of lower eye; both eyes on left or right side; upper eye lying immediately below dorsal edge; gill rakers not developed. Dorsal fin origin well posterior to eyes; anterior fin rays spinous; lateral line almost straight. Color usually brown or grey, sometimes with 4 broad, dark crossbars. Dorsal, anal and caudal fin tips black. Blind side occasionally partially colored. (Other sources of morphological data: Refs. 591, 529, 4416, 5997 and 6000).

Found on sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9796, 48637). Usually deeply burried in the substrate during the day, but out and hunting at night (Ref. 48637). Often swims in an upright position (Ref. 9796). Mainly piscivorous (Ref. 5986). Mainly sold fresh (Ref. 5213); also utilized smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Processed into fish flour (Ref. 6040).

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Fisheries: commercial

More information

Countries
FAO areas
Ecosystems
Occurrences
Introductions
Stocks
Ecology
Diet
Food items
Food consumption
Ration

Common names
Synonyms
Metabolism
Predators
Ecotoxicology
Reproduction
Maturity
Spawning
Fecundity
Eggs
Egg development

Age/Size
Growth
Length-weight
Length-length
Length-frequencies
Morphometrics
Morphology
Larvae
Larval dynamics
Recruitment
Abundance

References
Aquaculture
Aquaculture profile
Strains
Genetics
Allele frequencies
Heritability
Diseases
Processing
Mass conversion

Collaborators
Pictures
Stamps, Coins
Sounds
Ciguatera
Speed
Swim. type
Gill area
Otoliths
Brains
Vision

Tools

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

Download XML

Summary page | Point data | Common names | Photos

Internet sources

Estimates of some properties based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805)
PD₅₀ = 0.7500 many relatives (e.g. carps) 0.5 - 2.0 few relatives (e.g. lungfishes)

Trophic Level (Ref. 69278)
4.4 ±0.3 se; Based on diet studies.

Resilience (Ref. 69278)
Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.26-0.38; tm=3-4; Fec=300,000)

Vulnerability (Ref. 59153)
Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100)

Price category (Ref. 80766)
High

Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)