Family Myxinidae - Hagfishes
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Order |
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Class |
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Myxini |
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No. in FishBase |
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Genera : 6 | Species : 78 Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes |
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Environment |
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Fresh : No |
Brackish : No |
Marine : Yes |
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Division |
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Marine |
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Aquarium |
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none |
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First Fossil Record |
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Remark |
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Marine, temperate zones of the world, all oceans except the Red Sea, Arctic, and Southern oceans; only deep water in tropical areas. The few available studies indicate that hagfishes do not migrate beyond 100 km (Bo Fernholm, pers. comm., 2004). Jaws absent, no bones. Body naked, eel-like. 1-16 pairs of external gill openings. No paired fins, no dorsal fin. Part of caudal fin extends onto dorsal and ventral surfaces. Degenerate eyes. Laterally biting mouth bearing barbels. Teeth only on tongue plus one on 'palate'. Mucous pores in 2 ventrolateral lines, each line with about 70-200 glands containing mucous cells and thread cells. Iteroparous (Ref. 94918). Ovaries and testes in same individual but functionally non-hermaphroditic. Up to 30 large yolky eggs. No larval phase and thus no metamorphosis. Important predators (often scavengers) on invertebrates and others, e.g., netted fishes and discard. One of the most abundant groups of demersal fishes in many areas. Prey item for marine mammals and large predatory invertebrates. Only vertebrates with body fluids iso-osmotic with seawater. About 100 cm max length. Used as food in Japan and South Korea. Their hides are processed into 'eel skin' in Korea. myx- (gr.) = slime. |
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Etymology |
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Greek, myxinos, -ou = a kind of viscose skin ( Ref. 45335). |
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Reproductive guild |
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nonguarders |
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Typical activity level |
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Coordinator |
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Important recommendation:
The list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions, which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist.
Rather, it reflects the current content of FishBase, and the progress with respect to synchronization with the Catalog of Fishes. However, we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in FishBase, to start new work on the family, or to cross-check with other lists.
But we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value. In particular, for published scientific, we suggest then to cite it in the Material and Method section as a useful tool to conduct the research, but again, not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference.
Unless it is explicitly precised, the list is not complete, please search all original names published for the family in the Catalog of Fishes (genera, species), including those with uncertain or unknown status, that are not included in FishBase when they are not attached to a valid species.
This list uses some data from Catalog of Fishes (not shown but used to sort names).
In the column CofF, the digit indicates the status of synchronization with CofF: 0: Not checked; 1: Same status; 2: Different status; 3: Other combination; 4: Synonym in CofF; 5: Species/Subspecies issue; 6: Synonym of another species in CofF; 7: Not in CofF; 8: Should not be in CofF. The CofF version currently used is the one published on 23-07-2014 (Ref. 97102).
The list ordered as follows:
Please send comments and corrections if you detect errors or missing names.
Scientifc name | Status | Senior/Junior synonym | Combination | CofF |
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Myxininae | ||||
Myxine glutinosa Linnaeus, 1758 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Gasterobranchus glutinosus (Linnaeus, 1758) | synonym | senior | new | |
Gastrobranchus coecus Bloch, 1791 | synonym | junior | original | 1 |
Myxine glutinosa septentrionalis Putnam, 1874 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Myxine glutinosa limosa Putnam, 1874 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Myxine glutinosa australis Putnam, 1874 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
Myxine australis Jenyns, 1842 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine acutifrons Garman, 1899 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Myxine glutinosa (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Myxine tridentiger (non Garman, 1899) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Notomyxine tridentiger (non Garman, 1899) | misapplied | misapplied | new | |
Myxine limosa Girard, 1859 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine atlantica Regan, 1913 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Myxine affinis Günther, 1870 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Muraenoblenna olivacea Lacepède, 1803 | ambiguous | other | original | 1 |
Myxine circifrons Garman, 1899 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine garmani Jordan & Snyder, 1901 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine capensis Regan, 1913 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine glutinosa (non Linnaeus, 1758) | misapplied | misapplied | original | |
Myxine paucidens Regan, 1913 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine ios Fernholm, 1981 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine mcmillanae Hensley, 1991 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine debueni Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine dorsum Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine fernholmi Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine hubbsi Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine hubbsoides Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine knappi Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine mccoskeri Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine pequenoi Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine robinsorum Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Myxine robinsi Wisner & McMillan, 1995 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |
Myxine formosana Mok & Kuo, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine sotoi Mincarone, 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine kuoi Mok, 2002 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Myxine jespersenae Møller, Feld, Poulsen, Thomsen & Thormar, 2005 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Notomyxine tridentiger (Garman, 1899) | accepted | senior | new | |
Myxine tridentiger Garman, 1899 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Neomyxine biniplicata (Richardson & Jowett, 1951) | accepted | senior | new | |
Myxine biniplicata Richardson & Jowett, 1951 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Nemamyxine elongata Richardson, 1958 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Nemamyxine kreffti McMillan & Wisner, 1982 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretinae | ||||
Eptatretus cirrhatus (Forster, 1801) | accepted | senior | new | |
Petromyzon cirrhatus Forster, 1801 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Homea banksii Fleming, 1822 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus banksii (Fleming, 1822) | synonym | junior | new | |
Bdellostoma forsteri Müller, 1836 | ambiguous | other | original | 2 |
! Heptatrema cirrhatum Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus hexatrema (Müller, 1836) | accepted | senior | new | |
Bdellostoma hexatrema Müller, 1836 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Heptatretus hexatrema (Müller, 1836) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus burgeri (Girard, 1855) | accepted | senior | new | |
Bdellostoma burgeri Girard, 1855 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Heptatretus burgeri (Girard, 1855) | synonym | senior | new | |
Homea burgeri (Girard, 1855) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus polytrema (Girard, 1855) | accepted | senior | new | |
Bdellostoma polytrema Girard, 1855 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878) | accepted | senior | new | |
Bdellostoma stoutii Lockington, 1878 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polistotrema stoutii (Lockington, 1878) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Bdellostoma stouti Lockington, 1878 | synonym | senior | original | |
! Eptatretus stouti (Lockington, 1878) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus bischoffii (Schneider, 1880) | accepted | senior | new | |
Bdellostoma bischoffii Schneider, 1880 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
! Eptatretus bischoffi (Schneider, 1880) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Eptatretus bischoffli (Schneider, 1880) | synonym | senior | new | |
Heptatretus decatrema Regan, 1912 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus decatrema (Regan, 1912) | synonym | junior | new | |
Eptatretus atami (Dean, 1904) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine atami Dean, 1904 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus okinoseanus (Dean, 1904) | accepted | senior | new | |
Homea okinoseana Dean, 1904 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus deani (Evermann & Goldsborough, 1907) | accepted | senior | new | |
Polistotrema deani Evermann & Goldsborough, 1907 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Polistotrema curtissjamesi Townsend & Nichols, 1925 | synonym | junior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus octatrema (Barnard, 1923) | accepted | senior | new | |
Heptatretus octatrema Barnard, 1923 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus profundus (Barnard, 1923) | accepted | senior | new | |
Heptatretus profundus Barnard, 1923 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus springeri (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1952) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine springeri Bigelow & Schroeder, 1952 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus yangi (Teng, 1958) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine yangi Teng, 1958 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Quadratus yangi (Teng, 1958) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus cheni (Shen & Tao, 1975) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine cheni Shen & Tao, 1975 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus longipinnis Strahan, 1975 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus taiwanae (Shen & Tao, 1975) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine taiwanae Shen & Tao, 1975 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Quadratus taiwanae (Shen & Tao, 1975) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus minor Fernholm & Hubbs, 1981 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus multidens Fernholm & Hubbs, 1981 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus caribbeaus Fernholm, 1982 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus carlhubbsi McMillan & Wisner, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus indrambaryai Wongratana, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus laurahubbsae McMillan & Wisner, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | |
! Eptatretus laurahubbsi McMillan & Wisner, 1984 | synonym | senior | original | 1 |
Eptatretus strahani McMillan & Wisner, 1984 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus mendozai Hensley, 1985 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus nanii Wisner & McMillan, 1988 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus fritzi Wisner & McMillan, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus mcconnaugheyi Wisner & McMillan, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus sinus Wisner & McMillan, 1990 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus chinensis Kuo & Mok, 1994 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Paramyxine chinensis (Kuo & Mok, 1994) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus fernholmi (Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine fernholmi Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus nelsoni (Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine nelsoni Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Quadratus nelsoni (Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus sheni (Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine sheni Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus wisneri (Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine wisneri Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus grouseri McMillan, 1999 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus mccoskeri McMillan, 1999 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus menezesi Mincarone, 2000 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus ancon (Mok, Saavedra-Diaz & Acero P., 2001) | accepted | senior | new | |
Quadratus ancon Mok, Saavedra-Diaz & Acero P., 2001 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Paramyxine ancon (Mok, Saavedra-Diaz & Acero P., 2001) | synonym | senior | new | |
Eptatretus wayuu Mok, Saavedra-Diaz & Acero P., 2001 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Paramyxine wayuu (Mok, Saavedra-Diaz & Acero P., 2001) | synonym | senior | new | |
! Eptatretus wayun Mok, Saavedra-Diaz & Acero P., 2001 | synonym | senior | original | |
Eptatretus moki (McMillan & Wisner, 2004) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine moki McMillan & Wisner, 2004 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus walkeri (McMillan & Wisner, 2004) | accepted | senior | new | |
Paramyxine walkeri McMillan & Wisner, 2004 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus goliath Mincarone & Stewart, 2006 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus strickrotti Møller & Jones, 2007 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus alastairi Mincarone & Fernholm, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus astrolabium Fernholm & Mincarone, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus gomoni Mincarone & Fernholm, 2010 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus bobwisneri Fernholm, Norén, Kullander, Quattrini, Zintzen, Roberts, Mok & Kuo, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus wisneri McMillan, 1999 | ambiguous | homonym | original | 2 |
Eptatretus luzonicus Fernholm, Norén, Kullander, Quattrini, Zintzen, Roberts, Mok & Kuo, 2013 | accepted | senior | original | 2 |
Eptatretus fernholmi McMillan & Wisner, 2004 | ambiguous | homonym | original | 2 |
Rubicundinae | ||||
Rubicundus lopheliae (Fernholm & Quattrini, 2008) | accepted | senior | new | |
Eptatretus lopheliae Fernholm & Quattrini, 2008 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Rubicundus eos (Fernholm, 1991) | accepted | senior | new | |
Eptatretus eos Fernholm, 1991 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Rubicundus lakeside (Mincarone & McCosker, 2004) | accepted | senior | new | |
Eptatretus lakeside Mincarone & McCosker, 2004 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |
Rubicundus rubicundus (Kuo, Lee & Mok, 2010) | accepted | senior | new | |
Eptatretus rubicundus Kuo, Lee & Mok, 2010 | synonym | senior | original | 2 |